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Plate girders acting cornpositely with a reinforced concrete deck slab provide economic bridges in the range of 22m to 100m. (Universal beams, in lieu of plate girders, are often more convenient to use for spans up to 28m). The composite action is provided by shear connectors which force the slab to act as an integral part of the beam. In the case of multi-span bridges, plate girders are designed as continuous beams. For long spans, plate girders are fabricated in sections and assembled on site. Site splices can be either bolted with high strength friction grip (HSFG) bolts or welded. Splices are located near the points of contraflexure of continuous beams. For most plate girder bridges, lateral bracing are needed for erection stability and during deck concreting.
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